What are the two most critical requirements for successful seed germination?

Successful seed germination primarily relies on two vital factors: water and temperature. Water is crucial as it initiates the germination process by activating enzymes that break down stored food within the seed. This moisture also enables the seed to swell and eventually break through its outer coat. Temperature plays a significant role in germination as well; seeds have specific temperature ranges within which they can germinate optimally. If the temperature is too low, the metabolic processes slow down, delaying germination. Conversely, if it is too high, it can cause stress or harm to the seed.

While sunlight and soil type can influence plant growth post-germination, they are not the critical factors at the germination stage itself. Nutrients and light become more relevant after germination when the seedling needs to grow and develop. Thus, focusing on the essential combination of water and temperature is what supports successful seed germination.